Human anatomy 5th edition pdf free download

Shows major structures and major transitions in higher magnification for greater detail, and features bold index entries to indicate particularly clear illustrations of a given structure. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.

Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Netter atlas of human anatomy pdf free. Labels: Anatomy. Guyton Physiology14 edition pdf free download. Labels: Physiology. Labels: Cardiology. Labels: Echocardiography , Oxford Textbook. Labels: Rheumatology. Labels: Haematology , Multiple Choice Questions. BRS Physiology pdf free download. Costanzo PhD ,. Posted by fahad chy01 3 comments: Email This BlogThis!

Author : Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Heddwen L. Brooks, Jason X. Download Clinically oriented anatomy pdf free. Moore Clinically oriented anatomy pdf free. Download Clinically oriented anatomy 8th edition pdf free. Labels: Anatomy , Clinical. Ghai Essential Pediatrics 9th edition pdf free. Download Ghai Essential Pediatrics 9th edition pdf free. Labels: Pediatrics. Labels: ENT. Labels: Histology.

Focusing on clinically relevant anatomy, this easy-to-use, portable study tool helps you learn anatomical structures with confidence! Pre-punched holes make it easy to carry selected groups of cards with you. New card design makes it easy to sort cards by Region primary color-coded organization or System icons. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to study the cards on your phone, tablet, or computer and includes over multiple-choice questions. Quiz yourself on structure names as well as their anatomical and clinical significance.

Written by global leaders in the field , Imaging Anatomy: Brain and Spine provides a thorough understanding of the detailed normal anatomy that underlies contemporary imaging.

This must-have reference employs a templated, highly formatted design; concise, bulleted text; and state-of- the-art images throughout that identify the clinical entities in each anatomic area. This powerful, easy-to-use resource presents the essentials of neuroanatomy in the popular Board Review Series outline format that highlights the most tested topics for the USMLE Step 1.

Packed with concise descriptions, clinical correlation boxes, radiographs, full-color illustrations and over board-style questions with complete answers and explanations, BRS Neuroanatomy , Sixth Edition provides everything needed for course success and board exam prep.

The perfect up-to-date imaging guide for a complete and 3-dimensional understanding of applied human anatomy. Imaging is ever more integral to anatomy education and throughout modern medicine. Lines most of sclera e. Terminates anteriorly as ciliary body Ciliary body a.

Connects choroid with iris b. Contains smooth muscle that alters the shape of lens c. Folds on internal surface ciliary processes produce aqueous humor and attach to suspensory ligament of lens Iris a. Pigmented diaphragm with central aperture: the pupil b. Contains smooth muscle that alters the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye c. Radial fibers of the dilator pupillae open the pupil d. Circular fibers of the sphincter pupillae close the pupil Inner retinal layer Consists of three parts Optic part 1 a.

Receives light b. Composed of two layers: inner neural layer and outer pigmented layer c. Inner neural layer contains photosensitive cells: rods for black and white and cones for color Ciliary and iridial parts 2 and 3 a. Continuation of pigmented layer plus a layer of supportive cells b. Cover ciliary body and posterior surface of retina Fundus a. Is posterior part of eye b. Small oval area of retina b.

Contains concentration of photoreceptive cones for sharpness of vision c. Contains aqueous humor Posterior chamber a. Between iris pupil anteriorly and lens and ciliary body posteriorly b. Contains aqueous humor Vitreous chamber a. Between lens and ciliary body anteriorly and retina posteriorly b.

Lie in same horizontal plane b. Rotate eyeball laterally and medially, respectively Superior and inferior rectus 2 a. Lie in same vertical plane b. Pull eyeball superiorly and inferiorly, respectively Inferior oblique a. Works with superior rectus b. Pulls eyeball superiorly and laterally Superior oblique a. Works with inferior rectus b.

Pulls eyeball inferiorly and laterally Sheathed by reflection of fascial sheath around eyeball Tenon's capsule Medial and lateral check ligaments a. Triangular expansions of sheath of medial and lateral rectus muscles b. Attached to lacrimal and zygomatic bones c. Limit abduction and adduction Suspensory ligament a. Union of check ligaments with fascia of inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles b.

Branch of ophthalmic b. Runs within dural sheath of optic nerve c. Emerges at optic disc and branches over retina Posterior ciliary arteries a. Branches of ophthalmic b.

Six short to choroid c. Two long to ciliary plexus Anterior ciliary a. From muscular branches of ophthalmic b. It can be difficult to test each eye muscle individually.

Ageneralist, however, can gain a general idea of extraocular muscle or nerve impairment by checking the ability of individual muscles to elevate or depress the globe with the eye abducted or adducted, thereby aligning the globe with the pull line of contraction of the muscle Ask patient to "Follow my finger with just your eyes" and move your finger in the form of the letter H. Superior rectus is tested by moving your finger superiorly and medially to the eye to counteract the interaction of the inferior oblique a.

Inferior rectus is tested by moving your finger inferiorly and medially to the eye to counteract the interaction of the superior oblique b. The medial and lateral rectus muscles are tested by moving your finder medially and laterally to the eye. The inferior oblique is tested by moving your finger superiorly and laterally to the eye d. The inferior oblique is tested by moving your finger inferiorly and laterally to the eye. Remember that because all the muscles are involved in the continuous movement of the eye, it is difficult to isolate the action of just one with absolute clinical certainty via this test.

Open angle-develops gradually with blocking of canal of Schlemm or obstruction of angle b. Closed angle-occurs rapidly when iris and lens block passage of aqueous humor through pupil Clinical Points Orbital "blow-out" Fractures Medial and inferior walls of orbit are very thin, so a blow to the eye can fracture the orbit Indirect trauma that displaces walls is called a "blow-out" fracture Fractures of medial wall may involve ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses Fracture of the floor may involved the maxillary sinus Fractures can result in intraorbital bleeding Blood puts pressure on eyeball, causing exophthalmos Blood and orbital structures can herniate into maxillary sinus Clinical Points page 58 page 59 Conjunctivitis Common condition often referred to as "pink eye" An inflammation of the conjunctiva Symptoms include redness, irritation, and watering of the eyes and sometimes discharge and itching Can be triggered by infection a.

Highly contagious b. Caused by bacteria or viruses c. Sexually transmitted diseases STDs , such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia, can cause it d. Viral conjunctivitis is common with several viral infections and can arise as a result of or during a common cold or flu Can be triggered by allergies a. More freqently occurs in children with other allergic conditions, e. Typically affects both eyes at the same time Can be triggered by an external irritant a. Can be caused by pollutants such as traffic fumes, smoke b.

Promontory: round projection overlying basal turn of cochlea b. Fenestra cochlea or round window Anterior wall Separates tympanic cavity from carotid canal Superiorly has opening of auditory tube and canal for tensor tympani Posterior wall Superiorly, aditus opening to mastoid antrum, connecting to mastoid air cells Between posterior wall and aditus, prominence of canal of facial nerve Pyramidal eminence a.

Tiny cone-shaped prominence b. Mucous membrane of tympanic cavity b. Mastoid antrum c. Mastoid air cells d. Spiral canal b. Bony core, the modiolus Canal spirals around modiolus Basal turn forms promontory of medial wall of tympanic cavity At basal turn, bony labyrinth communicates with subarachnoid space above jugular foramen via cochlear aqueduct Vestibule Small oval chamber Contains membranous utricle and saccule Oval window is on lateral wall Continuous with a.

Cochlea anteriorly b. Semicircular canals posteriorly Communicates with posterior cranial fossa via aqueduct of vestibule a. Contains membranous endolymphatic duct Semicircular canals Anterior, posterior, and lateral Set at right angles to each other in three planes Lie posterosuperior to vestibule Each opens into vestibule Swelling at one end of each canal: ampulla Contain membranous semicircular ducts Membranous labyrinth Collection of ducts and sacs Suspended within bony labyrinth Filled with endolymph Vestibular labyrinth Utricle a.

Has specialized area of sensory epithelium: macula b. Hairs respond to tilting of head and linear acceleration and deceleration Saccule a. Communicates with utricle b. Continuous with cochlear duct c. Contains macula, identical in structure and function to that of utricle Semicircular ducts a. Within semicircular canals b. Each has ampulla at one end c. Ampullary crest in each ampulla senses movement of endolymph in plane of duct d.

Detect rotational tilting movements of head Cochlear labyrinth Spiral ligament suspends cochlear duct from external wall of spiral canal Cochlear duct a. Triangular in shape b. Filled with endolymph c. Spans spiral canal, dividing it into two channels, each filled with perilymph d.

Two channels: scala tympani and scala vestibule, meet at apex of cochlea helicotrema e. Found on basilar membrane b. Covered by gelatinous tectorial membrane c. Contains hair cells-tips embedded in tectorial membrane d. Drains cerebral veins Confluence of sinuses sagittal sinus 2. Contains arachnoid villi and granulations for reabsorption CSF Inferior sagittal Lower free margin falx cerebri Joins great cerebral vein sinus forming straight sinus Straight sinus Junction falx cerebri and Formed by union great cerebral vein with inferior sagittal Confluence of sinuses tentorium cerebelli sinus Transverse Lateral margin tentorium 1.

Passes laterally from confluence of sinuses Sigmoid sinus sinus cerebelli 2. Left is usually larger Sigmoid sinus S-shaped course in temporal Continuation transverse sinus Internal jugular vein and occipital bones Cavernous Superior surface of body of 1.

Receives superior and inferior ophthalmic and Superior and inferior sinus sphenoid, lateral to sella superficial middle cerebral veins and sphenoparietal petrosal sinuses turcica sinus 2. CN V has three divisions: V1 and V2 are sensory, and V3 is both motor to skeletal muscle and sensory.

The following table summarizes the types of fibers in each cranial nerve and where each passes through the cranium: Cranial nerves emerge through foramina or fissures in the cranium Twelve pairs Numbered in order of origin from the brain and brain stem, rostral to caudal Contain one or more of six different types of fibers Motor fibers to voluntary muscles Somatic motor fibers to striated muscles 1 a. Orbit b. Tongue c. Carry sensation from viscera b. Thyrohyoid muscle b.

Omohyoid b. Sternohyoid c. Usually one-sided and can affect a division of CN V, usually the mandibular, maxillary nerve. Pain can be triggered by touching a sensitive area "trigger point" The cause is not usually known Treatment is directed to controlling the pain.

Ocular Nerve Palsy Alesion of the oculomotor nerve will paralyze all extraocular muscles except the lateral rectus and the superior oblique. Ascends on pharynx b. Send branches to pharynx, prevertebral muscles, middle ear, and cranial meninges Superior thyroid a. Gives rise to superior laryngeal artery supplying larynx Lingual a.

Passes deep to hypoglossal nerve, stylohyoid muscle, and posterior belly of digastric b. Disappears beneath hyoglossus muscle and becomes deep lingual and sublingual arteries Facial a. Branches to tonsil, palate, and submandibular gland b. Hooks around middle of mandible and enters face Occipital a.

Passes deep to posterior belly of the digastric b. Grooves base of skull c. Supplies posterior scalp Posterior auricular a. Passes posteriorly between external acoustic meatus and mastoid process b. Supplies muscles of region, parotid gland, facial nerve, auricle, and scalp Maxillary a. Larger of two terminal branches b.

Branches supply external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, dura mater and calvaria, mandible, gingivae and teeth, temporal pterygoid, masseter, and buccinator muscles Superficial temporal a. Smaller terminal branch b. Supplies temporal region of scalp Carotid Branch Course and Structures Supplied Superior thyroid Supplies thyroid gland, larynx, and infrahyoid muscles Ascending pharyngeal Supplies pharyngeal region, middle ear, meninges, and prevertebral muscles Lingual Passes deep to hyoglossus muscle to supply the tongue Facial Courses over the mandible and supplies the face Occipital Supplies SCM and anastomoses with costocervical trunk Posterior auricular Supplies region posterior to ear Maxillary Passes into infratemporal fossa described later Superficial temporal Supplies face, temporalis muscle, and lateral scalp page 79 page 80 Subclavian artery Branch of aortic arch on the left From brachiocephalic trunk on the right Enters neck between anterior and posterior scalene muscles Supplies upper limbs, neck and brain Divided for descriptive purposes into 3 parts, in relation to the anterior scalene muscle First part a.

Medial to the anterior scalene b. Has three branches Second part a. Posterior to the anterior scalene b. Has one branch Third part a. Lateral to anterior scalene b. Has one branch Subclavian Branch Course Part 1 Vertebral Ascends through C6-C1 transverse foramina and enters foramen magnum Internal thoracic Descends parasternally to anastomose with superior epigastric artery Thyrocervical trunk Gives rise to inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, and suprascapular arteries Part 2 Costocervical trunk Gives rise to deep cervical and superior intercostal arteries Part 3 Dorsal scapular Is inconstant; may also arise from transverse cervical artery Venous drainage Superficial veins External jugular vein EJV Drains most of scalp and side of face Formed at angle of mandible by union of retromandibular vein with posterior auricular vein Enters posterior triangle and pierces fascia of its roof Descends to terminate in subclavian vein Receives a.

Transverse cervical vein b. Suprascapular vein c. Muscles that are readily visible are trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and teres major. The patient is placed in the left decubitus position, flexed in the fetal posture with the supracristal line vertical. The secondary curvatures are mainly a result of anterior-posterior differences in IV disc thickness. The cervical curvature is acquired when the infant begins to lift its head, and the lumbar curvature when the infant begins to walk.

Abnormal curvatures: Kyphosis is an increased thoracic curvature, commonly seen in the elderly "Dowager hump". It is usually caused by osteoporosis, resulting in anterior vertebral erosion or a compression fracture. An excessive lumbar curvature is termed a lordosis and is seen in association with weak trunk muscles, pregnancy, and obesity. Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae.

Spondylolisthesis: The lumbosacral angle is created between the long axes of the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.